Session 8 : TRIPS

What is TRIPS ( Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights ) ?

• TRIPS was created from WIPO failure which can't handle the IPR problems.
• Another factor ,global trade condition becomes more complex and ignoring about barrier in each country arround the world
• TRIPS was born in Uruguay turn (GATT) , and U.S became the first country that suggest TRIPS to anticipate WIPO failure

WIPO failure :

• WIPO is an organization where members are limited [not much], so that the WIPO provisions can not be enforced against non-members of WIPO.
• WIPO does not have a mechanism to resolve and punish any violation of IPR
• WIPO is no longer able to adapt to changes in the structure of international trade and technological change in the level of invasion.

TRIPS aim :

• Increased protection of IPR of products traded
• Ensure the implementation of the IPR procedures that do not impede trade
• Formulate the rules and discipline of the implementation of the protection of IPR
• Develop the principles, rules and mechanisms for international cooperation to deal with trafficking counterfeit goods or piracy results on IPR

TRIPS principles :

• Free to determine : giving freedom to the members to determine ways that are considered appropriate to implement the provisions contained in TRIPS.
• Intellectual Property Convention : requires its members to adjust legislation with international IPR conventions.
• National Treatment : providing equal treatment in relation to IPR protection among granted to its own citizens with that given to other citizens.
• Most-Favored-Nation-Treatment : Expediency, favor, privilege or immunity granted by a member state to the citizens of other countries should also be given to the citizens of other member states.
• Exhaustion : requires of its members, to resolve disputes, not to use a provision was in the TRIPs Agreement as an excuse not optimal setting of Intellectual Property Rights in their country.

Kinds of IPR :

1. Copyright and Related Rights

• is the right that creators have to stop others from copying their creative works without their permission. 

1. Industrial Property Rights :

• Patent

•  A patent is an exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. In order to be patentable, the invention must fulfill certain conditions.

• Trademark

• Trademarks are distinctive signs, used to differentiate between identical or similar goods and services offered by different producers or services providers. Trademarks are a type of industrial property, protected by intellectual property rights.

• Geographical Indication

•  a sign used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation or characteristics that are essentially attributable to that origin.

• Industrial Design

• An industrial design is the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article.  
• The design may consist of three-dimensional features, such as the shape or surface of an article, or of twodimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.

• Layout Design of Integrated Circuit

• Protection of the creation of the layout-design; the exclusive right of the right-holder extends also to articles incorporating integrated circuits in which a protected layout-design is incorporated, in so far as it continues to contain an unlawfully reproduced layout-design; the circumstances in which layout-designs may be used without the consent of right-holders are more restricted; certain acts engaged in unknowingly will not constitute infringement. 

• Trade Secret

• A trade secret is a formula, practice, process, design, instrument, pattern, or compilation of information that:

• Is not generally known to the public;
• confers some sort of economic benefit on its holder (where this benefit must derive specifically from its not being publically known, not just from the value of the information itself);
• is the subject of reasonable efforts to maintain its secrecy. 

• Plant Variety

• Recognition of a cultivated plant (a cultivar) as a "variety" in this particular sense provides its breeder with some legal protection, so-called plant breeders' rights, depending to some extent on the internal legislation of the UPOV signatory countries, such as the Plant Variety Protection Act in the US. 

Session 5 : Source of International Law

* Sources of International Law:

• Contract, refers to when 2/more parties tell about the agreements of contracts
• National Law, Law of rules that have authority like Labor resources, Environment , Tollbooth, Taxation, Etc
• International Trade Agreements, There agreements between parties in different nations and they are connected each other in that agreements.like:
• Unifications Law
• Integrations Economics
• Harmonizations Law
• Liberal Trading
• Law Models

• General Principles of Law, the significance of general principles has undoubtedly been lessened by the increased intensity of treaty and institutional relations between states.Judicial Decisions, There is no rule of stare decisis in international law. The decision of the Court has no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case.Often the International Court of Justice will consider General Assembly resolutions as indicative of customary international law.

• Doctrine, All ideas from genius peoples that tell about trade or other flow can be convience people about something happen with trade.
• International Trade Customs, there habit in specific time and place that some parties do same activity intensive. it can be Custom cause that have doing many times.(Opnio Iuris Sive Necessitatis)

*OtherNotes

International Trade Agreements can be :

• Bilateral (2 subjects )
• Regional (have classified in specific regional)
• Multilateral( more than 2 subjects)

Customary international law was born from the practices of the merchants who made ​​repeated such that the repetitive habits with a relatively long time it becomes binding.

A habit of not always be binding and therefore become law. A habitual practice to be binding must meet the following requirements:

1. A repeated practice performed and followed by more than two parties (state practice), and
2. the state practice accepted as binding (opnio iuris sive necessitatis).

General Legal Principles

1. The legal source will start to function when the law of treaties (international) and customary international law does not give an answer to something matters. Therefore, the principles of common law is seen as an important source of law in an effort to develop the law, including, of course, international trade law.
2. Some examples of common law principles, these include the principle of good faith, the principle of pacta sunt servanda, and replace rugi.Ketiga principles and these principles are recognized in almost all legal systems that exist in the world, and there is also the law (trade) internationally.

Agency decisions of the Court and Doctrine

1. Court decisions in international trade law does not have a strong legal force as in the Common Law system (Anglo-Saxon).
2. Status is more or less the same as in the existing legal system in Continental (Civil Law), namely that the earlier court decision just to be considered. So there is a kind of obligation is not binding for the court agencies to consider court decisions existing prearranged (in disputes related to international trade).

Contract

1. Sources of international trade law which actually is the main source and the most important in the agreement or contract made by the vendors themselves. As can be seen, the contract is "the Law" for the parties who made ​​it.
2. Traders (traders) or stake-holdersnya in international trade law in the conduct of international trade transactions, they will put it into written agreements (contracts). Therefore, the contract is very essential. Because it acts as a source of contract law and the need to make their first important reference in carrying out their rights and obligations in international trade.

source:

http://bm3.binus.ac.id/binusmaya-student/#/class/resources.J1402/2012-2-0

L/C Case

I

II

III

IV

V

VI

VII

P U T U S A N

No. 1372 K/Pdt/2007

M A H K A M A H A G U N G

memeriksa perkara perdata dalam tingkat kasasi telah memutuskan sebagai
berikut dalam perkara :
FRANKY THESMAN, bertempat tinggal di Jalan Paradise 7 Blok
F.13 No. 30 Sunter Agung Podomoro Jakarta Utara, dan Jalan
Agung Timur 9 Blok N.3 No. 1B Sunter Agung Podomoro, Jakarta
Utara, dalam hal ini memberi kuasa kepada M. Said Muchtar,
SH.,MBL. Dan kawan-kawan, para Advokat, beralamat di Jalan
Jenderal Basuki Rahmat No. 8-E Lt. IV, Jakarta Timur 13310,
Pemohon Kasasi dahulu Tergugat IV/Pembanding/Terbanding ;

m e l a w a n :

PT. BANK HARAPAN SANTOSA (Bank Dalam Likuidasi),
berkedudukan di Jalan Patra Kuningan Raya Blok L.I. No. 2,
Jakarta Selatan,
Termohon Kasasi dahulu Penggugat/Terbanding/Pembanding;

D a n :

1. PT. PUTRI SALJU INDAH,
2. PT. PUTRI KENCANA POWERINDO,
3. BENNY THESMAN, kesemuanya berkedudukan/beralamat di
Jalan Agung Timur 9 Blok N.3 No. 1B, Sunter Agung
Podomoro Jakarta Utara,
para turut Termohon Kasasi dahulu para Tergugat I sampai
dengan III/para Pembanding/para Terbanding;

pokok permasalahan :
bahwa berdasarkan akta pengakuan hutang No. 281 tanggal 23 Juni
1995 yang dibuat dihadapan Notaris Ny. Lanny Ratna Ekowati Soebroto, SH.,
Tergugat I telah mendapatkan fasilitas kredit dan atau fasilitas Bank, dan
karenanya Tergugat I mengaku berhutang kepada Penggugat dalam rangka

fasilitas kredit dalam bentuk Letter Of Credit (L/C) lokal/surat keterangan
berdokumen dalam negeri yang totalnya berjumlah Rp. 2.000.000.000,- (dua
milyar rupiah) untuk jangka waktu 1 (satu) tahun yaitu sampai tanggal 23 Juni
1996, Tergugat I harus sudah melunasi seluruh hutangnya kepada Penggugat
(Bukti P-1);

bahwa jangka waktu fasilitas kredit tersebut telah dilakukan
perpanjangan, dan berdasarkan perubahan perjanjian kredit (Addendum) No.
017/PMK/KP/TR-P/VI/97 tanggal 23 Juni 1997 telah disepakati perpanjangan
fasilitas kredit sebesar Rp. 2.000.000.000,- (dua milyar rupiah) tersebut sampai
dengan tanggal 23 Juni 1998 (Bukti P-2);

bahwa berdasarkan akta pengakuan hutang (penambahan) No. 47
tanggal 19 Pebruari 1997 yang dibuat dihadapan Notaris Ny. Lanny Ratna
Ekowati Soebroto, SH, Tergugat I mendapatkan tambahan fasilitas kredit/
fasilitas Bank dalam bentuk Letter of Credit (L/C) tersebut sebesar Rp.
500.000.000,- (lima ratus juta rupiah), dan karenanya Tergugat I mengaku
berhutang kepada Penggugat dalam fasilitas kredit dalam bentuk Letter of
Credit (L/C) yang total keseluruhannya sebesar Rp. 2.500.000.000,- (dua milyar
lima ratus juta rupiah), jumlah fasilitas mana tidak termasuk bunga atau biaya –
biaya lainnya (Bukti P-3);

bahwa dalam pelaksanaannya, transaksi fasilitas kredit/fasilitas Bank
dalam bentuk Letter of Credit tersebut, Letter of Credit (L/C) nya dibuka atas
nama Tergugat II, sedang pembayaran/pelunasannya tetap menjadi tanggung
jawab Tergugat I sesuai dengan surat pernyataan dan kuasa tertanggal 22
Januari 1997 (Bukti P-4);

bahwa adapun Letter of Credit (L-C) yang dibuka atas nama Tergugat II
adalah sebagai berikut :
a. Pada tanggal 20 Pebruari 1997 sebesar GBP 335.608.20 (L/C No.
096/001/0553/IMP/B) untuk jangka waktu 180 hari, sehingga jatuh temponya
adalah tanggal 19 Agustus 1997;
b. Pada tanggal 11 Agustus 1997 sebesar GBP 38.024.98 (L/C No.
096/001/0705/IMP/B) yang jatuh tempo tanggal 31 Desember 1997; (Bukti
P-5 dan P-6);

 bahwa Penggugat telah berulang kali meminta agar hutang transaksi L/C
tersebut dilunasi, akan tetapi ternyata Tergugat I hanya mengangsur mulai April
1999 s/d April 2001 yaitu sejumlah Rp.280.000.000,- (dua ratus delapan puluh
juta rupiah) yang jika dikurskan ke GBP hanyalah sebesar GBP 19.126.18;

 sampai bulan Juli 2002 berdasarkan perhitungan Penggugat selaku pihak yang
mempunyai kewenangan adalah sebagai berikut:
• Bunga s/d Juli 2002…………….GBP 217.917.16,-
• Denda s/d Juli 2002…………….GBP 43.583.43,-

bahwa berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut di atas Penggugat mohon kepada
Pengadilan Negeri Jakarta Utara agar terlebih dahulu meletakkan sita jaminan
atas tanah dan bangunan milik para Tergugat sebagaimana diuraikan dalam
gugatan dan selanjutnya menuntut kepada Pengadilan Negeri tersebut supaya
memberikan putusan


Eksepsi Tergugat II:
bahwa Tergugat II tidak punya kwalitas untuk digugat karena Tergugat II
membuka Letter of Credit (L/C) melalui rekening pinjaman PT. Putri Salju Indah
(Tergugat I) berdasarkan Surat Pernyataan dan kuasa tanggal 22 Januari 1997.


Eksepsi dari Tergugat III :
bahwa Tergugat III (Benny Thesman) belum bisa digugat dalam
kedudukan sebagai borgtocht, vide Akta Pemyataan Jaminan Pribadi
(Borgtocht) tanggal 23 Juni 1995 dibawah No 283 yang diterbitkan oleh Notaris
Lanny Ratna Ekawati Soebroto, SH di Jakarta;

M E N G A D I L I :
Menolak permohonan kasasi dari Pemohon Kasasi : FRANKY THESMAN
tersebut ;
Menghukum Pemohon Kasasi/Tergugat IV untuk membayar biaya
perkara dalam tingkat kasasi ini sebesar Rp.500.000,- (lima ratus ribu rupiah);
Demikianlah diputuskan dalam rapat permusyawaratan Mahkamah
Agung pada hari Rabu tanggal 20 Februari 2008 oleh H. Muhammad Taufik,
SH.,MH. Hakim Agung yang ditetapkan oleh Ketua Mahkamah Agung sebagai





Laporan Lengkapnya :
http://putusan.mahkamahagung.go.id/

Session 3 : Unification and Harmonization of Laws

The System , Rule and Culture are different in every country.
It also bring the impact for International Trade and its Law to doing trade.

There are 3 way to solve about the different law in each country :

1. Every country in the world agreed not to apply domestic law.
2. Choice of Law
3. Unification and Harmonization

What is Unification and Harmonization?

Its a process to mix or find the best solution for different law between two country

What the different between unification and Harmonization?

Unification : uniformity which includes the removal and replacement of a system with the new legal system.

Harmonization : the quest for uniformity or the intersection of the principles that are fundamental of the various existing legal system and will be harmonized.

Harmonization aims to :

• create consistency of laws, regulations, standards and practices, so that the same rules will apply to businesses that operate in more than one member State, and so that the businesses of one State do not obtain an economic advantage over those in another as a result of different rules.
• reduced compliance and regulatory burdens for businesses operating nationally or trans-nationally.

Institutions Unification and Harmonization of Law:

• World Trade Organization [WTO]
• The International Institute for the Unification of Private Law [UNIDROIT]
• The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law [UNCITRAL]
• The International Chamber of Commerce [ICC]

 Who is WTO?

• There are a number of ways of looking at the World Trade Organization. It is an organization for trade opening. It is a forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements. It is a place for them to settle trade disputes. It operates a system of trade rules. Essentially, the WTO is a place where member governments try to sort out the trade problems they face with each other.
  
  The WTO was born out of negotiations, and everything the WTO does is the result of negotiations. The bulk of the WTO’s current work comes from the 1986–94 negotiations called the Uruguay Round and earlier negotiations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is currently the host to new negotiations, under the ‘Doha Development Agenda’ launched in 2001.
  
  Where countries have faced trade barriers and wanted them lowered, the negotiations have helped to open markets for trade. But the WTO is not just about opening markets, and in some circumstances its rules support maintaining trade barriers — for example, to protect consumers or prevent the spread of disease.

What WTO do ?

1. Trade negotiations
   The WTO agreements cover goods, services and intellectual property. They spell out the principles of liberalization, and the permitted exceptions.  They set procedures for settling disputes. These agreements are not static; they are renegotiated from time to time and new agreements can be added to the package.
    
2. Implementation and monitoring
   WTO agreements require governments to make their trade policies transparent by notifying the WTO about laws in force and measures adopted. Various WTO councils and committees seek to ensure that these requirements are being followed and that WTO agreements are being properly implemented.
3. Dispute settlement
   The WTO’s procedure for resolving trade quarrels under the Dispute Settlement Understanding is vital for enforcing the rules and therefore for ensuring that trade flows smoothly.
4. Building trade capacity
   WTO agreements contain special provision for developing countries, including longer time periods to implement agreements and commitments, measures to increase their trading opportunities, and support to help them build their trade capacity, to handle disputes and to implement technical standards.
5. Outreach
   The WTO maintains regular dialogue with non-governmental organizations, parliamentarians, other international organizations, the media and the general public on various aspects of the WTO with the aim of enhancing cooperation and increasing awareness of WTO activities.

UNIDROIT Information

• Set up in 1926 as an auxiliary organ of the League of Nations, the Institute was, following the demise of the League, re-established in 1940 on the basis of a multilateral agreement, the UNIDROIT Statute.

• The International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) is an independent intergovernmental Organisation with its seat in the Villa Aldobrandini in Rome. Its purpose is to study needs and methods for Americans modernizing, harmonizing and co-ordinating private and in particular commercial law axle TransCanada States and groups of States and to formulate uniform law instruments, principles and rules to Achieve those objectives.

• UNIDROIT goal is to prepare the harmonization of private law rules or regulations and unification trade between different countries.

About UNCITRAL

• The core legal body of the United Nations system in the field of international trade law. A legal body with universal membership specializing in commercial law reform worldwide for over 40 years. UNCITRAL's business is the modernization and Harmonization of rules on international business.

• Trade means faster growth, higher living standards, and new opportunities through commerce. In order to increase these opportunities worldwide, UNCITRAL is formulating modern, fair, and harmonized rules on commercial transactions. These include:

• Conventions, model laws and rules which are acceptable worldwide
• Legal and legislative guides and recommendations of great practical value
• Updated information on case law and enactments of uniform commercial law
• Technical assistance in law reform projects
• Regional and national seminars on uniform commercial law

About ICC

• The International Chamber of Commerce [ICC] was founded in 1919 and is based in Paris.
• The purpose: to serve world business by promoting trade, investment, open markets for goods and services, and promote the flow of capital.

ICC important  role:

• dispute resolution through arbitration in particular.
• a policy-making body of policies or rules that can facilitate international trade.
• for disseminating information and policies and legal rules internasiona trade among entrepreneurs in the world, and
• providing training and contract design techniques and other practical skills, such as in the international trade   

source :  
www.wto.org/‎
www.unidroit.org/‎
www.uncitral.org
www.iccwbo.org/‎  

Session 7 : CISG

  

CISG Information :

•  The CISG was developed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and was signed in Vienna in 1980. The CISG is sometimes referred to as the Vienna Convention (but is not to be confused with other treaties signed in Vienna). It came into force as a multilateral treaty on 1 January 1988, after being ratified by 11 countries

• CISG establishes uniform-rules for drafting international sales contracts, and sets the legal rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer under such contracts. CISG rules apply automatically to the sales contracts between the countries who have ratified the convention.

• The CISG allows exporters to avoid choice of law issues, as the CISG offers "accepted substantive rules on which contracting parties, courts, and arbitrators may rely". Unless excluded by the express terms of a contract,the CISG is deemed to be incorporated into (and supplant) any otherwise applicable domestic law(s) with respect to a transaction in goods between parties from different Contracting States.

• The purpose of the CISG is to provide a modern, uniform and fair regime for contracts for the international sale of goods. Thus, the CISG contributes significantly to introducing certainty in commercial exchanges and decreasing transaction costs. 

More About CISG!

•  As of 5 March 2013, UNCITRAL reports that 79 States have adopted the CISG.

 

Source: http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/countries/cntries.html

• The CISG is divided into four parts and 101 articles:

• Part I: Sphere of Application and General Provisions (Articles 1–13)
• Part II: Formation of the Contract (Articles 14–24)
• Part III: Sale of Goods (Articles 25–88)
• Part IV: Final Provisions (Articles 89–101)

Read More :

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Contract-for-International-Sale-of-goods-CISG.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_Contracts_for_the_International_Sale_of_Goods

http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/1980CISG.html

Session 4 : Subject of International Trade Law

*3 Huge Subjects in the International Trade Law :

• Nation, Because it have sovereignty.(have rights to control and decided all about that have connections with law itself) 
• Organizations Trade International, 
• Organizations that have built by government(UNCITRAL,UNCTAD,WTO)
• Organizations that haven`t built by government,means have built by association of people that want to change the conditions of trade world (ICC)
• Individuals
• Individual
• Corporations, like Bank, Multinational Corporations,National Corporations,Etc.

Immunity of nations have restrictions itself:

• Restrictions by International Law
• Restrictions by National Law
• Restrictions in voluntary and quietly
• The conditions that nation decide the arbritation as dispute resolutions, and that time the immunity have  took off 

Standard International, All kind of things that needed for join International Economics Trade:

• Minimum-Standard/Equitable Treatment refers to basic rules that needed for International Trade.
• Most-Favoured Nation Clause refers to rules that lead the nation do non-discrimination act to other nations, with same level attentions with one another.
• Equal Treatment refers to when the nation required to give same attentions to all nations that under agreements.
• Preferential Treatment refers to principal that nation can give special attention to one of all nations.

Session 2 : Development and Principle of International Trade Law

Birth of International Trade Law due to the practice of traders also known as "Lex Mercatoria [Law of Merchant]".

International Tade Law grow due to 4 factor : 

1. Birth of rules arising from the customs in different fairs.
2. The birth of the customs law of the sea.
3. The birth of the habits that arise in the settlement of trade disputes.
4. Notary strong involvement in providing maid service commercial law.

 A scholar of international trade law, Prof. Alexander Goldstajn 3 introduces the basic principles:

1. The basic principle of freedom of contract
   is a universal principle. Freedom includes a fairly extensive areas of law, including the freedom to make contracts that the parties agreed to, including the freedom to choose their commercial dispute resolution forum. Also includes the freedom to choose the law that will apply to the contract and others.
2. Pacta sunt servanda
   Is a principle which requires that agreements or contracts that have been signed to be implemented as well as possible (in good faith)
3. Settlement of dispute by arbitration
   Goldstajn argue and reason why this principle is important:
   "Moreover, to the extent that the settlement of differences is Referred to arbitration, a legal order uniform is being created. Often Arbitration Tribunals apply other criteria than those applied in courts. Arbitrators Appear ready to interpret rules more freely, taking into account customs, usage and business practice. Further, the fact that enforcement of foreign arbitral awards is generally more easy than the enforcement of a foreign court decision is conducive to a preference for abtritation "  

   

• At Huala Adolf book; Law International Trade, he added one other basic principle who according to Huala Adolf this principle relevant with international trade, this principle is the basic principle of “freedom for communicate” (including therein freedom of navigate) 

• Communication or navigational is the freedom the parties for communicate for purposes a trade with anyone also with through various means of navigational or communication, whether landline, sea, air or through electronic means. This freedom is essential to the implementation of international trade.

source : 
http://mahendraputra.net